Full-duplex

Full-duplex systems are typically found in Ethernet networks. It enables connection by simultaneously making use of four physical pairs of twisted cable. Two pairs are used to receive packets while the other two are used to forward packets. This adds efficiency by preventing the collision of data and doubles the amount of bandwidth able to be supported by the connection. A full-duplex is more advantageous than a half-duplex in many ways. For one, time is not wasted since the no frames are required to be re-transmitted due to collisions. Secondly, the maximum amount of bandwidth is available in both directions as the functions for sending and receiving data are separate. Lastly, a node or station does not have to wait for other functions to complete transmission since only one transmitter exists per twisted pair. . A full-duplex is often referred to as a frequency-division duplex. This type of system can be extended to greater distances by using paired repeater stations. These ensure that data transmitted on a single frequency will always travel in the same direction.